Whitening & Total Care

The pellicle cleaning ratio (PCR) it is test can be used to evaluate the stain removal performance of oral care products and dentifrices such as toothpaste or toothpowders.

Publication from 1982 (In vitro Removal of Stain with Dentifrices) (Stookey, 1982)Journal of Dental Research, which is the Publication detailing the Original PCR method developed by Dr. George Stookey, who was the President & owner Therametric Technologies, Inc. until his passing in late 2021. This publication details the methods/materials of the PCR Model utilized at Therametric laboratory and widely throughout the industry.

An in vitro procedure has been developed for estimating the cleaning potential of dentifrices. This method relies on the formation of a stained film on enamel specimens; the staining procedure involves intermittent bathing of the enamel in a mixture consisting of mucin, coffee, tea, microbiological media, and a chromogenic microorganism. This procedure thus appears useful as a means of screening and identifying dentifrice cleaning and polishing agents, as well as dentifrice formulations worthy of clinical evaluation. (Stookey, 1982)

The Pellicle Cleaning Ratio was calculated as follows (Bruce R Schemehorn, 2011):
PCR = (Test sample ΔE ÷ ADA Reference sample ΔE) 100

Enamel Polishing Potential (EPP) This method is based on the work previously published by Bailey and Phillips (L. Rush Bailey, 1950) on the study of abrasive prophylactic agents and techniques on enamel surfaces. Toothbrushing provides several benefits, including the polishing of enamel surfaces. Different toothpastes/abrasives may provide different polishing potential for enamel surfaces, and this can be determined by light reflection analysis. The outcome for this test is the difference in enamel gloss (or light reflection) between the pre and post treatment measurements. (Dentistry, n.d.), (Dentistry I. U., 2022)

Enamel Polishing Potential (EPP) It is test can be used to evaluate to determine the enamel polishing potential of dentifrices, or it is called SRP “Specular Reflectance Percentage”

The procedure for determining enamel polish was based on an earlier methodology in which acid-dulled teeth were mechanically brushed with dentifrice slurries, and the degree of polish quantified with a reflectometer that measured the intensity of specular light reflected by the tooth specimens. The greater the intensity of light reflected from a specimen, the higher was the luster of the tooth, and hence the higher the numerical polish score. (Michael H. Moore, 2011)

The Cleaning Efficiency Index (CEI), which was introduced by Schemehorn, et al.,21 was calculated according to the equation: CEI = (RDA + PCR – 50) ÷ RDA

The CEI emphasizes the importance of good stain removal properties and low dentin abrasivity. The equation was based on clinical data that indicated a PCR value of at least 50 was needed to provide acceptable cleaning power (extrinsic stain removal).

Abrasives have been included in toothpaste formulations for generations to serve an important purpose-to remove dental plaque and surface stains during toothbrushing. As such, they’re an important tool for delivering overall oral health and tooth appearance. Their major cleaning effects are due to the mechanical action of the abrasives on the surface of the teeth.

“To help quantify the abrasivity of dentifrices, the American Dental Association along with various academic, industry and government agencies established a standardized scale called Relative Dentin Abrasivity (RDA). This scale assigns dentifrices a value from 0 to 250, relative to a standard reference abrasive that is arbitrarily given an RDA value of 100. All dentifrices at or below 250 RDA are considered safe and effective.

“The RDA testing method and the upper limit of 250 has been adopted by the International Standards Organization (ISO) and is included in the manufacturing standards, ISO Toothpaste Specification 11609. All dentifrices with the ADA Seal of Acceptance have an RDA of 250 or less.”

Dental professionals hear a lot of opinions about toothpaste abrasivity. There are misunderstandings about the meaning of relative dentin abrasion (RDA) values and what they convey about the safety of a toothpaste. It can be difficult to distinguish fact from fiction.
A common misperception is that a toothpaste with an RDA below 100 is safer than one with an RDA of 200. This just isn’t true. The fact is that a toothpaste with an RDA of 250 is just as safe as a toothpaste with an RDA of 0-249.

Any toothpaste with an RDA of ≤250, the recognized threshold for safety, is safe for a lifetime of use. Toothpastes should be considered as either “less than” or “more than” the RDA upper limit of 250-like a “pass/fail” test. There are no degrees of safety below 250.

Furthermore, the RDA method generally includes 1500 continuous, horizontal manual toothbrush strokes, which is equivalent to approximately two months of brushing all at once. Most patients only spend about 5 seconds brushing each tooth surface and under these conditions the protective pellicle is not removed.

RDA test can easily show variations from laboratories to another, (Whitening – Total Care™) toothpaste tested in Switzerland exhibited a mean relative dentin abrasion (RDA) value of 90±, a value within the acceptable limit (RDA ≤ 250).

In brief conclusion according to the results of exhibited a mean PCR – Pellicle Cleaning Ratio (136,81±), and exhibited a mean EPP Enamel Polishing Potential 87.7±, our toothpaste’s exhibited a Cleaning Efficacy Index (1,7 – 2,0), one of the top highest scores compare to the current available commercial OTC dentifrices.

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PETA opposes speciesism, a human-supremacist worldview, and focuses its attention on the four areas in which the largest numbers of animals suffer the most intensely for the longest periods of time: in laboratories, in the food industry, in the clothing trade, and in the entertainment business. We also work on a variety of other issues, including the cruel killing of rodents, birds, and other animals who are often considered “pests” as well as cruelty to domesticated animals.

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Our toothpaste contains Sodium Monofluorophosphate (SMFP), considered one of most of the stable fluoride type. The total fluoride concentration of 1216.49 (ppm F). The total “soluble” available fluoride TSAF concentration of 1084.65 (ppm F).

Fluoride toothpastes must contain an adequate and stable concentration of soluble fluoride, as ion F- or sodium monofluorophosphate ion in its formulation to control dental caries effectively. However, its bioavailability may decrease over time due to the undesirable reactions of the fluoride compound if the abrasive used is calcium based.

Fluoride in dentifrices must be present in a soluble form to guarantee its anti-caries efficacy.

Recently, American Dental Association (ADA) published acceptance program requirements for fluoride containing dentifrices to address requirements necessary to determine their anti-caries efficacy. They recommend that at least 90% of the labeled amount of fluoride must be available in both fresh and aged samples.

TSF concentration in the most dentifrices is lower in aged samples compared to fresh samples. This variation can be explained by the formulation as part of the chemically active F can bind with Ca ions in the abrasive. Although SMFP is more compatible. Later studies showed that part of F can bind with Ca in the abrasive, reducing the amount of soluble F. These decreases occur during product storage due to the release of F ions from the hydrolysis of SMFP. (Anunzziatta Fager FABRUCCINI, 2020)

Companies/brands usually don’t claim the TSF, only they claim the Total Fluoride, which doesn’t reflect the exact available fluoride concentration during the shelf life of the dentifrice. Our test for TF & TSAF had been done to determine the total fluoride concentration of toothpastes using FDA/ISO methods.

Dental enamel is formed by the ameloblast cells, and it is the hardest substance of the human body due to high percentage of mineral salts in crystalline state.

Tooth enamel is composed 95% inorganic material: Hydroxyapatite, Fluorapatite, and 5% organic material and water.

Inorganic substances mainly consist of calcium and phosphate ions. These combine to form a high strength hydroxyapatite crystal that allows the enamel to bear high masticatory forces. The organic substance in teeth mainly consists of enamelin proteins.

Dentin is slightly yellow in color and consists of 70% inorganic and 30% organic matter. The inorganic component of dentin is similar to enamel and contains calcium and phosphate ions. However, the hydroxyapatite crystals found in the dentin are smaller in size compared to those in enamel. This variation in size makes dentin relatively softer than enamel.

Hydroxyapatite, also called hydroxylapatite (HA), is a naturally occurring mineral form of calcium apatite with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH), but it is usually written Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 to denote that the crystal unit cell comprises two entities.

Hydroxyapatite is the hydroxyl endmember of the complex apatite group. The OH− ion can be replaced by fluoride, chloride or carbonate, producing fluorapatite or chlorapatite. It crystallizes in the hexagonal crystal system. Pure hydroxyapatite powder is white.

Hydroxyapatite prevents from caries, remineralize early enamel defects (or lesions), protects and rehardens the dental enamel, makes the tooth surface smooth and glossy and whitens the teeth.

Toothpaste (Whitening – Total Care™), is contain hydroxyapatite, which ensure the mineralization process and provide continuous protection against decay, keeping your teeth hard smooth at the sometime.

What is pH? pH is a measure of the activity of hydrogen ions in a solution. In aqueous solutions, pH is measured using a logarithmic scale known as the pH scale, which is used to express the acidity or alkalinity of the solution. A pH less than 7 indicates an acidic solution, and one with pH greater than 7 is alkaline. Because pH values are logarithmic, each change of one pH unit is equivalent to a ten-fold change in the concentration of hydrogen ions.

Overall, intra-oral pH levels typically range between pH 6.5 – 7.8, although higher (more alkaline) pH occurs in stimulated saliva and lower pH in unstimulated saliva. Saliva pH may also vary depending on adequate salivary composition/flow, time of day, or the location where saliva pH is measured,as well as variation in dietary exposures, bacterial metabolism, and antibacterial components in saliva itself.

Caries is the localized destruction of dental hard tissues that arises from exposure to organic acids generated by bacteria within the plaque biofilm. Decreased or impaired salivary secretion is a known risk factor for caries, as well as candidiasis and other mucosal complications. Dental erosion (or erosive tooth wear) is the second-most common form of enamel demineralization, and occurs from chemical dissolution of dental hard surfaces by exposure to acids not produced by bacteria in the mouth.

American National Standards Institute/American Dental Association (ANSI/ADA) Standard 130 specifies that the pH of dentifrice be less than 10.5. Department of Scientific Information, A. S. (2019, August 30).

Regular exposure to products with a low pH can contribute to an overall acidic oral environment and damage to tooth structure especially in a dry mouth. Dry mouth (also termed hyposalivation or xerostomia).

Our toothpaste containing 5% Hydroxyapatite and Sodium Monofluorophosphate (SMFP), showing the highest stability at PH (Above 7.5), and ensure all ingredient stability and their functionality at the same time. Furthermore, our balanced/stable PH, doesn’t cause you any sign of dry mouth.

Basically, we didn’t used any kind of artificial flavors, our toothpaste has mild flavor, non-aggressive, it is natural combination of Eucalyptus Globulus Leaf Extract, Thymus Vulgaris Leaf Extract; Mentha arvensis leaf oil; Mentha Piperita Oil; with Citrus Limon Peel Oil.

We avoid the un-necessity to keep only the necessaries, so we tried to keep it simple-natural as much as possible, for that purpose we had avoid using any synthetic “Menthol” which provide only temporary minty cooling sensation.

We had used the combination of Zinc Gluconate with Eucalyptus Globulus Leaf Extract, Thymus VulgarisLeaf Extract; Mentha arvensis leaf oil; Mentha Piperita Oil; Citrus Limon Peel Oil. Because we do believe the mentioned combination is the most “natural in-direct approach” to fight against bad breath and against VSCs Volatile Sulphur Compounds.

Periodontal pathogenic microorganisms produce volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), such as hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl sulfide. VSCs are toxic to periodontal tissue. Therefore, there is a relationship between periodontitis and the VSC level of mouth air.

Our toothpaste doesn’t contain Sodium lauryl sulfate, the anionic surfactant SLS is assumed to cause desquamative effects on oral mucosa. (Pune N. Paqué, 2021) (Chapple12, 2019)

Additionally, toothpaste formulations without SLS are exhibited to reduce recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAU) compared with SLS-containing formulations. (Pune N. Paqué, 2021) (Barkvoll, 1994)

When it comes to put things on our mouth, “everything’s should matter”.

SLS might have a significant downside, and it may cause the one-off followings.

• Allergic to sensitive dry skin to itch, cracking at the corners,
• It might disrupt the balance of the oral microflora and increase the incidence of recurrent aphthous ulcers.
• It might decrease the Soluble fluoride deposition on the enamel of the teeth and alter the mineralization process.

We are using derived natural, vegan, cruelty-free emulsifier which “Disodium Cocoyl Glutamate” alternative is naturally derived from coconut, It gives a mild foaming action, it let the rest natural ingredients to stay effective while you brushing.

Also, we had very little amount of another vegan surfactant “Cocamidopropyl Betaine”, which has excellent foamability and foam stability, with very good tolerance with skin and mucous membranes, without any affect or influence on the final composition.